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KITAB
AL-ASRAR FI NATAYIJ AL-AFKAR
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Massimiliano Lisa
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The
Book of Secrets in the Results of Ideas is conserved in the
Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana of Florence and was completed
in 1266. The date is written on the last page, 48v, which
also states the title of the book “Kitab al-Asrar fi
Nataij al-Afkar”. The title is also mentioned on top
of the first page, but part of it is damaged (most of the right
side of the manuscript is missing and was later restored, but
some segments of the texts and drawings have been lost). The
author is mentioned on the first page as [Ahmad] ibn
Khalaf al-Muradi, presumably an engineer of Islamic Andalusia. The
references of the text suggest that the original manuscript
was written in Cordoba which was the capital of Muslim Spain
for almost three hundred years.
The manuscript contains 48 folios (96 pages 273 x 200 mm or 10.62
x 7.87 inches) and is written in a clear Maghribi handwriting.
There is no punctuation, except for rare occasions in which the
transcriber inserted a point at the end of a chapter or a main
section (for example, at the end of the introduction on page 1v).
The manuscript is gathered with seven other treatises and the
whole volume is catalogued under Orientale 152 in the Biblioteca
Medicea Laurenziana. It was assembled in this form in the second
half of the 18th century under the supervision of the librarian
Angelo Maria Bandini who united the manuscripts Orientali
281 and 282 because they had an analogous
format.
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IOf
the eight treatises contained in the volume,
The Book of Secrets is doubtless the most important one, because
of both its contents and illustrative drawings.
The whole manuscript was
catalogued under the name Tabulae Astronomicae and its discovery
as a treatise dedicated to machines dates back
only to October 1974, thanks to David A. King, the famous professor
of history of science, who immediately made its existence known to
professor Donald R. Hill (1922-1994), the distinguished historian
of medieval Islamic science and the translator of the treatises of
al-Jazari and the Banu Musa brothers. In fact, Assemani’s
catalog had already identified the manuscript back in the 18th century
as “a
treatise in mechanics entitled The Book of Mysteries and containing
34 figures”.
The history of the manuscript’s journey from Spain to Italy
has not been reconstructed yet. Perhaps it followed the journey of
other Arab writings that
joined the collections of the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana.
In 1584, by the order of Pope Gregory XIII and Cardinal Ferdinando de’ Medici,
the Medicea
Oriental Printing House was inaugurated in piazza Monte d’Oro
in Rome. The aim was to publish Oriental books and it was necessary to gather
manuscripts
beforehand in order to publish them. This search mission was put into the hands
of the two brothers, Giovanni Battista and Gerolamo Vecchietti, who started
their voyages to Egypt, Syria, Persia and India in this aim.
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STUDY
OF THE MANUSCRIPT
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The
Book of Secrets is an extraordinarily important
manuscript in the field of the history of science, because
it represents one of the earliest written and drawn testimonies
about complex ancient machines and has never before been
studied or divulged.
The research project was sparked by Leonardo3’s discovery
of this important Arab manuscript, The Book of Secrets in the
Results of Ideas, in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence, where
the only surviving copy is preserved. It has never before been
fully studied or disclosed in all its complexity. It is a unique
source for the study of ancient Arab technology, to which reference
must be made when studying the inventions of the Renaissance, like
those by Leonardo da Vinci.
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The
golden box for the facsimile
of the Book of Secrets for the museum of Doha
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Thanks
to the auspices of the Emir of Qatar, His
Highness the Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, and the
competence of the Italian research center Leonardo3,
the manuscript has, for
the first time ever, been transcribed (in
Arabic) and
translated (into
Italian, English and French), and all its machines have
been interpreted and reconstructed.
All
the work that has been carried out on the manuscript was presented
in
an exhibition
at the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha and was
one of the main attractions at the museum’s inauguration on November
22, 2008.
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The
Museum of Islamic Art in Doha, Qatar
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A
one-of-a-kind manuscript is preserved in the Laurentian
Library in Florence: the copy of an 11th-century text completed in
1266 and containing designs for 31 extraordinary machines including
water-clocks, mechanical “theaters” and war instruments.
A reproduction of the manuscript has been produced
for the first time in history and is available in a limited
edition of 200 hand-numbered copies, 100 of
which have already been consigned to various heads of state
and dignitaries around
the world.
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President
of Italy Giorgio Napolitano, the Emir of Qatar and the Sheikha
visiting a Leonardo3 exhibition
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FAC-SIMILE
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A
reproduction of the manuscript has been
produced for
the first time in history and is available in a limited
edition of 200 hand-numbered copies whose detail
is exactly the same as the original manuscript, using
super high resolution photographs made directly from the original.
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Fac-simile
(detail)
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CONTENTS
A red velvet bag contains: the exclusive, 96-page facsimile, bound
in leather, with golden decorations and numbered
by hand; certification of limited-edition
status; and gloves for consultation. A separate
booklet with the entire Arabic
text, as well as textual and image-based interpretations of all the
machines,
is also provided in either Italian and French or English and Arabic.
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Fac-simile,
velvet bag and gloves
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EDITION
200 numbered copies, 100 of which
have already been consigned to various heads of state and
dignitaries around the
world.
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A
view of the fac-simile
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INTERPRETATIONS,
PROBLEMS E PROSPECTS
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Edoardo
Zanon
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The
original source, the text of the manuscript, which was our point
of departure, presents various problems. First of all, all the
pages are damaged to a great extent along the main diagonal.
The manuscript deteriorated because of humidity which distorted
many segments of its text and the drawings. This required the
patient interpretation of the missing parts, according to specific
logical and interpretative rules, which definitely cannot avoid
errors altogether.
I do not exclude the possibility that during the drafting phase of the original
text, from which this copy was made, several models of the machines, not necessarily
the definitive ones, were presented to the author. I found this conviction
on the grounds of the impossibility of designing and describing such complex
machines without the attempt of constructing them and perfecting certain technical
details, which otherwise would not be feasible. It is, therefore, possible
that al-Muradi observed these complex machines himself and saw their drawings
(at least quick and unordered sketches of them) in his difficult attempt to
reorganize them, draw diagrams and write descriptive texts. |
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It
is worth noting that the text of the manuscript is very organized
and is not in any way a series of point or notes, but a final
treatise meant to circulate.
The
technology we used served us a lot: the 3D animations of the
machines helped us verify, on the one hand, what is actually
mechanically possible and, on the other hand, what contains
errors. All the interpretations of the machines presented in
the coming pages were carried out thanks to tridimensional
graphics which made them more easily comprehensible. However,
our several-year experience in ancient machines taught us that
the suggested reconstructive and interpretative solutions
are rarely definitive.
In
fact, the extreme complexity of these machines and, sometimes,
the scarcity and imprecision of the
available information, both in the texts and in the drawings,
leave room for future modifications, improvements and even
full revisions of the project.
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CONTACTS
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Leonardo3
Via Monte Napoleone 9
20121 Milano - ITALY
tel:
(+39) 02 79.41.81
fax:(+39) 02 78.40.21
info@leonardo3.net
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